Article VIII: Judiciary

Judicial services are public services accredited to adjudicate disputes, interpret laws, and determine the legal rights and obligations of citizens and institutions.
Any public service may apply for accreditation as a judicial service. Accreditation requires a demonstrated record of impartiality, reliability, and procedural integrity.
Accredited judicial services operate competitively. No judicial service holds exclusive authority over any domain of law or constitutional interpretation.
Judicial services are responsible for conducting constitutional review of initiatives as set out in Article XI: Democracy, Section 3.

Every dispute, including constitutional questions arising under this Constitution, shall first be adjudicated by a single judicial service selected by a neutral mechanism defined by law.
The first‑tier judicial service shall issue a binary ruling resolving the dispute. This ruling is binding unless appealed under Section 3.

Either party may appeal a first‑tier ruling once. No further appeals are permitted.
Upon appeal, a judicial panel shall be constituted by random selection from accredited judicial services. The panel shall contain the minimum number of services required to allow, in principle, a reversal of the previous tier’s ruling under the threshold \(\lambda_{\mathrm{jud}}\).
Each judicial service on the panel shall issue a binary ruling. The panel’s aggregated ruling shall be adopted if at least \(\lambda_{\mathrm{jud}}\) of the panel concur.
The panel’s ruling is final and binding.

Judicial services may interpret this Constitution, laws, and regulations, and may determine the constitutionality of actions by public services or institutions.
Judicial services may determine whether an initiative complies with this Constitution in accordance with Article XI: Democracy, Section 3.
Judicial services may not modify this Constitution or any law. Their role is interpretive, not legislative.